How it's performed - Coronary angioplasty and stent insertion

Before having a coronary angioplasty you'll need an assessment to make sure the operation is possible.

This also gives you an opportunity to discuss any concerns with your heart specialist (cardiologist).

During your pre-operative assessment, you may have blood tests and a general health check to ensure you're suitable for surgery.

You may also have a procedure called an angiogram before your angioplasty. You have the angiogram first to look inside your arteries to check where the blockages are.

Sometimes your cardiologist will do the angiogram first but then continue on to do the angioplasty as part of the same procedure.

You'll be able to eat and drink before your treatment. It's best to have a light meal.

You'll usually be able to take most medications as normal up to the day of the procedure, with the exception of blood-thinning medication (anticoagulants), such as warfarin.

You may also need to alter the timing of any diabetes medication you take.

Speak to your medical team for more information about whether you need to change the way you take your medication before your operation.

Read more about preparing for an operation.

The operation

A coronary angioplasty usually takes place in a room called a catheter lab, rather than in an operating theatre. This is a room fitted with X-ray equipment to allow the doctor to monitor the procedure on a screen.

A coronary angioplasty usually takes between 30 minutes and 2 hours, although it can take longer.

You'll be asked to lie on your back on an X-ray table. You'll be linked up to a heart monitor and given a local anaesthetic to numb your skin. An intravenous (IV) line will also be inserted into a vein, in case you need to have painkillers or a sedative.

The cardiologist then makes a small incision in the skin of your groin, wrist or arm, over an artery where your pulse can be felt. A small tube called a sheath is inserted into the artery to keep it open during the procedure.

A catheter is passed through the sheath and guided along the artery into the opening of your left or right coronary artery.

A thin, flexible wire is then passed down the inside of the catheter to beyond the narrowed area. A small, sausage-shaped balloon is passed over the wire to the narrowed area and inflated for about 20 to 30 seconds. This squashes the fatty deposits on the inside walls of the artery to widen it. This may be done several times.

While the balloon is inflated, the artery will be completely blocked and you may have some chest pain. However, this is normal and is nothing to worry about. The pain should go away when the balloon is deflated. Ask your cardiologist for pain medication if you find it uncomfortable.

You shouldn't feel anything else as the catheter moves through the artery, but you may feel an occasional missed or extra heartbeat. This is nothing to worry about and is completely normal.

If you're having a stent inserted, it will be already fitted onto a balloon and opens up as the balloon is inflated. The stent will be left inside your artery after the balloon is deflated and removed.

When the operation is finished, the cardiologist will check that your artery is wide enough to allow blood to flow through more easily. This is done by monitoring a small amount of contrast dye as it flows through the artery.

The balloon, wire, catheter and sheath are then removed and any bleeding is stopped with a dissolvable plug or firm pressure. In some cases, the sheath is left in place for a few hours or overnight before being removed.

Going home

A coronary angioplasty sometimes involves an overnight stay in hospital, but many people can go home on the same day if the procedure is straightforward.

After the operation, you won't be able to drive for a week, so you'll need to arrange for someone to drive you home from hospital.

Read more about recovering from a coronary angioplasty.

Stents

A stent is a short, wire mesh tube that acts like a scaffold to help keep your artery open. There are 2 main types of stent:

• bare metal (uncoated) stent
• drug-eluting stent – which is coated with medication that reduces the risk of the artery becoming blocked again

The biggest drawback of using bare metal stents is that, in some cases, the arteries begin to narrow again. This is because the immune system sees the stent as a foreign body and attacks it, causing swelling and excessive tissue growth around the stent.

It's possible to avoid this problem by using drug-eluting stents. These are coated with medication that reduces the body's abnormal response and tissue growth. However, this also delays the healing of the coronary artery around the stent and means it's vitally important to keep taking blood-thinning treatment for up to 1 year after the procedure. This helps reduce the risk of a blood clot blocking the stent suddenly and causing a heart attack.

Once a drug-eluting stent is in place, the medication is released over time into the area most likely to become blocked again. The 2 most researched types of medication are:

• "limus" medications (such as sirolimus, everolimus and zotarolimus) – which have previously been used to prevent rejection in organ transplants
• paclitaxel – which inhibits cell growth and is commonly used in chemotherapy

The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) recommends that drug-eluting stents should be considered if the artery being treated is less than 3mm in diameter or the affected section of the artery is longer than 15mm, because evidence suggests the risk of re-narrowing is highest in these cases.

Before your procedure, discuss the benefits and risks of each type of stent with your cardiologist.

If you have a stent, you'll also need to take certain medications to help reduce the risk of blood clots forming around the stent. These include:

• aspirin – taken every morning for life
• clopidogrel – taken for 1 to 12 months depending on whether you have had a bare metal or drug-eluting stent, or whether you have had a heart attack
• prasugrel or ticagrelor – used as alternatives to clopidogrel in people who have been treated for a heart attack

Deciding where to get treatment

You can choose where to have your treatment. Ask your GP if they can recommend a hospital with experienced cardiology staff who perform large numbers of angioplasties each year. The cardiologist that carries out the procedure is a specialist known as an interventional cardiologist.